The Monte Carlo simulation estimates the probability of different outcomes in a process that cannot easily be predicted because of the potential for random variables.

Identity-By-Descent (IBD) is a general measurement of the relationship between two groups of genes. If the two groups consist of two homologous genes, one from each individual, the IBD is called the ...

Inference for a complex system with a rough energy landscape is a central topic in Monte Carlo computation. Motivated by the successes of the Wang—Landau algorithm in discrete systems, we generalize ...